PSYCHOLOGY OF MARKETING  /  Psychological effects

Barnum effect

Why people believe generic statements are personally true, and how to use the Barnum effect to make your marketing messages feel tailored to each customer.

May 23, 2025 6 min read
Presented by Basecamp
Barnum effect
FROM THE CREW

Hey 👋 The Crew here.

We know something about you.

You are curious about all things marketing. And while some marketing challenges can make you uncomfortable, you won’t give up until you solve them. Because you’re a proper problem solver.

If you thought “yes, that’s so me!” well… we are sure you are. But so is everyone else who reads this.

Why are we telling you this? You’ll find out real soon.

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Have you ever taken a personality test online? Or read your astrological sign’s traits?

If you did, you probably thought to yourself: Wow… yes, this sounds just like me!

You weren’t wrong, either. A lot of human traits are, well… human. Which means most of us share them in some way or other, even if at varying degrees of intensity.

Now, there are plenty of science-backed personality traits out there. But there are also tests out there that trick us into believing something is unique only to us when it’s actually commonplace.

In 1948, psychologist Bertam Forer demonstrated what any motivational guru or tarot reader doesn’t want to tell you:

That we often believe generic statements are deeply personal truths.

Forer had his students take a personality test, then gave each of them the exact same vague analysis composed of statements like:

“You have a great need for other people to like and admire you.”

The results? Students rated the accuracy of the test 4.26 out of 5. Of course they did.

Psychologists called this cognitive bias The Barnum effect.

Why not the Forer effect? Because it was named after P.T. Barnum—a 19th century showman who was famous for captivating his audience and flattering them until they felt seen.

Interesting, right? Guess who else can channel their inner Barnum as well.

No, we’re not pointing fingers. But if we could…

Three ways to leverage Barnum effect

01

Make a general pain point specific to your shoppers

Vague problems are just that. Vague.

People don’t take action on vague problems. But they do take action when a problem feels like it’s specific to them.

So take a broad, widely applicable problem, then reframe it to sound like it’s tailored to your customer’s job or lifestyle.

Case in point: You’ve seen today’s newsletter sponsor, Basecamp, the project management tool.

Basecamp is good at taking the universal pain of tool overload and making it specific to different audiences:

  • Project managers see copy saying things like, “For many, tools like Asana, Trello, Notion, Monday, ClickUp, and Slack were underwhelming stops along the road before finally arriving at Basecamp”.
  • Founders and CFOs see “Your whole organization for one fixed price. Every feature & upgrade. No per-user pricing or fees.”
  • Agencies see “Got clients? Be partners, not adversaries. Basecamp keeps both sides organized, everyone’s feedback on the record, and all decisions, approvals, files, tasks, deadlines, and communications safe and centralized.”

In other words, Basecamp takes the pain of “too many tools” and makes it specific to the tools customers and decision-markers actually use, making the pain feel urgent and personally relevant:

Remember: Generic pain points won’t work unless you frame them in the shopper’s context. So identify a pain you solve, and adapt it to different roles, tools, scenarios, etc.

02

Quiz your audience

Quizzes can be your brand’s version of personality tests or palm reading.

They feel interactive, rewarding, and insightful on a deeply personal level… even if the insight is generic.

What you can do: Use quizzes as lead magnets, onboarding tools, or conversion nudges by framing them around self-discovery or problem-solving.

The trick is to make people feel like they’re learning something meaningful about themselves while showing your brand holds the answer or next step.

This is applicable whether you’re a D2C or a B2B brand.

Don’t believe us? Here’s how Zapier does it:

Look at the very first question. Do you spend time at work on repetitive tasks? Duh. Most companies do.

Develop a Barnum statement, offer a quiz that personalizes the problem, and show your features and solutions address the user’s unique needs.

And voila—you have a perfect product.

03

For negative statements, speak from a position of authority

In 1987, psychologists Furnham and Schofield expanded on the Barnum effect studies and found that people generally accept positive Barnum statements regardless of who says them.

… But if you need to point out something negative, it’s best to do so from a high-status source.

A personality test that says “You avoid responsibility and struggle with follow-through,” for example, is… well, quite uncomfortable.

If it comes from a BuzzFeed quiz, you’d laugh it off. But if it comes from a licensed PhD psychologist after a thorough analysis of your responses, you’d probably take it seriously.

The toothpaste brand Sensodyne is a good example of this:

Sensodyne takes one of the most generic dental problems ever and presents an expert who offers an immediate solution.

So naturally, you think to yourself, “Yeah, my teeth also sometimes feel sensitive when I eat something cold. This dentist is right. I should get a toothpaste to fix this.”

Yes, it actually works like this. Try it out.

CLICKWORTHY

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MARKETING:Zoomers will leave no stone or social platform unturned when trying to validate your product. They are also the most likely to shop directly from social media. This report shares plenty of other stats about how Gen Z shops—and what you can do about it. Check it out.

META:Guess what? New ad inventory just came out. As of this week, you can finally advertise on Threads and have your ads show up natively in the home feed. You can also pull images directly from your Instagram or Facebook campaigns. Quite handy!

SEARCH:While Google impressions are up nearly 50%, clicks are down by at least 30% thanks to AI overviews, reports claim. If you’ve noticed an increase in search impressions and a decrease in clicks… Well, you’re not the only one.

GOOGLE:AI in everything! At least that must’ve been Google’s motto as they announced tons of new AI features at their I/O conference. The most notable being AI mode—a new shopping experience capable of deeper product research, multimodal chat, and expert reporting. Whoa.

ICYMI, last time we looked at Metaphorical framing.

The “Vague, yet accurate” Crew

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